Gihon
Kidron Valley and its Connection to Gihon
The Kidron Valley is a prominent geographical feature that holds significant historical and religious importance. It runs along the eastern edge of Jerusalem, nestled between the ancient city walls and the Mount of Olives. This valley extends southward, eventually leading to the Dead Sea.
A crucial aspect of the Kidron Valley is its proximity to the Gihon Spring, which served as Jerusalem's main water source since the ancient Jebusite period. The Gihon Spring is situated at the foot of the City of David, and its waters historically flowed into the Kidron Valley. This natural spring played a vital role in the sustenance and defense of ancient Jerusalem, and its strategic importance is highlighted by its inclusion in various biblical narratives.
Historical Significance
In the biblical context, the Kidron Valley is mentioned in several instances. One notable reference is found in 2 Chronicles 33:14, which describes the construction of a wall on the west side of Gihon within the valley. This area, identified as the Brook Kidron, underscored the valley's strategic importance during the reign of King David and subsequent Judean kings.
During the 19th century, German archaeologists Conrad Schick and Hermann Guthe uncovered an ancient Canaanite aqueduct system that directed water from the Gihon Spring towards the southern agricultural areas of the Kidron Valley. This discovery highlighted the advanced engineering skills of ancient civilizations in managing water resources crucial for agriculture and daily life.
Cultural and Religious Context
The Kidron Valley is also renowned for its series of ancient burial sites and monuments, including the Tomb of Absalom, the burial site of Benei Hezir, and the Tomb of Zechariah. These sites underscore the valley's sacred status, often serving as the final resting place for notable figures such as Henrietta Szold, Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Menachem Begin, Pinchas Rosen, and Rabbi Kook.
The continuous flow of the Gihon Spring into the Kidron Valley not only physically nourished the city but also symbolically represented the spiritual sustenance and renewal, integral to the religious narratives that have evolved around Jerusalem.
Archaeological Discoveries
The level of the Kidron Valley channel in ancient times was deeper than it is today. The waters from the Gihon Spring flowed approximately a meter above the stream's bed, merging with the Kidron stream. This natural confluence facilitated the development of a flourishing civilization, with the valley acting as a conduit for both water and culture.
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Gihon
Gihon River
The Gihon River is one of the four rivers mentioned in the Book of Genesis. Along with the Tigris, Euphrates, and Pishon, the Gihon is described as branching from a single river that flows out of the Garden of Eden. According to biblical texts, the Gihon encircles the entire land of Cush.
Gihon Spring
The Gihon Spring is a significant water source located in the Kidron Valley. This spring is historically known as the Fountain of the Virgin and Saint Mary's Pool. It was the main source of water for the ancient city of Jerusalem and played a critical role in its defense network. The spring feeds into the Pool of Siloam via the Siloam Tunnel, an engineering marvel traditionally attributed to King Hezekiah.
Historical and Biblical Significance
City of David
The City of David is a significant archaeological site located to the south of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. The Gihon Spring was central to this ancient city's water supply and its defense mechanisms. The city's strategic placement near the spring ensured a reliable water source, which was essential during sieges.
Warren's Shaft
Warren's Shaft is an ancient vertical shaft connected to the Gihon Spring. Discovered by British engineer Charles Warren in 1867, this shaft was part of the water supply system that provided Jerusalem with essential water resources during the Bronze and Iron Ages.
Valley of Josaphat
The Valley of Josaphat is another name for the Kidron Valley, where the Gihon Spring is located. This valley is of immense historical and religious significance, often mentioned in biblical texts.
Geographical Context
Kidron Valley
The Kidron Valley runs between Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives. It has been historically significant, serving as a burial ground and the site for numerous historical events. The Gihon Spring, located within this valley, has been a vital water source for the region.
Cultural Impact
Rhythmic Springs
The Gihon Spring is classified as a rhythmic or intermittent spring, meaning its flow varies, sometimes ceasing and then restarting. This unique characteristic has linked it to other well-known rhythmic springs, such as the Intermittent Spring in Wyoming.
Local Rulers
In Okinawa, Gihon was the name of a legendary local ruler who succeeded his father, Shunbajunki, as the third and last ruler of the Shunten dynasty.