LGBTQ History in China
The history of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals in China spans thousands of years, marked by periods of acceptance and repression. Unlike in many Western societies where Christianity shaped anti-LGBTQ laws, traditional Chinese attitudes often displayed less animosity toward non-heterosexual orientations.
Ancient and Imperial China
In ancient China, same-sex relationships were documented as far back as the Han Dynasty. Such relationships are often referred to as "the passion of the cut sleeve," a term derived from the story of Emperor Ai of Han and his male lover, Dong Xian. During this period, bisexuality was common, and neither heterosexuality nor homosexuality was considered out of the ordinary.
Notable historical figures such as Huo Guang, who served as regent, and General Liang Ji, who dominated the government in the 150s, were believed to be bisexual. Their homosexual relationships were only documented when they were perceived as unusual for some reason.
Modern Era and People's Republic of China
In the 20th century, with the establishment of both the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China, LGBTQ individuals faced more stringent legal restrictions. However, these regulations began to ease by the early 21st century.
The decriminalization of homosexuality in mainland China in 1997 marked a significant turning point. In 2001, homosexuality was removed from the list of mental illnesses by the Chinese Psychiatric Association, reflecting a gradual shift towards acceptance.
Contemporary Developments
In contemporary China, LGBTQ rights are still evolving. Events such as the 99 LGBT weddings organized by Sun and Hu in Changsha in 2016 highlight efforts to normalize gay marriage across the country. Nevertheless, censorship of LGBTQ content remains a significant challenge, with many queer communities concentrated in major cities facing legal and social obstacles.
Despite these challenges, China has witnessed the emergence of LGBTQ advocacy groups and an increasing presence of queer voices in art, literature, and media. Cities like Shanghai and Beijing host pride events, contributing to a slowly changing cultural landscape.