1986 Enlargement of the European Communities
The 1986 enlargement of the European Communities marked a significant moment in the process of European integration, as it included the accession of Spain and Portugal into the Communities, which are now known as the European Union.
Historical Context
Prior to their accession, both Spain and Portugal were under dictatorial regimes that precluded their membership in the European Communities. Spain was governed by the military dictatorship of Francisco Franco, while Portugal was under the corporatist dictatorship of the Estado Novo. The transition to democracy in both nations during the 1970s opened the path for membership talks.
The enlargement can be seen as part of the broader Mediterranean enlargement of the European Union, aiming to stabilize the region and promote economic development through integration.
Negotiations and Challenges
Negotiations for the accession of Spain and Portugal were complex and lengthy. One significant hurdle was the differences in economic structures, particularly in areas like fishing, agriculture, and steel production. The French government played a pivotal role in pushing the negotiations forward, emphasizing a deadline that was finally agreed upon at the Brussels Summit of the European Council.
Despite the agreed deadline, negotiations continued past it due to unresolved issues. However, a commitment was eventually reached, with the countries set to join on January 1, 1986.
Accession
The formal accession of Spain and Portugal represented the third enlargement of the European Communities. This followed the 1973 enlargement, which saw the inclusion of Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom, and the 1981 enlargement that included Greece.
The accession process required approval from existing member states and the European Parliament, highlighting the collaborative nature of European integration.
Impact and Legacy
The enlargement brought economic, political, and social benefits to the joining nations and the European Communities at large. It reinforced democratic governance in Spain and Portugal and facilitated their economic modernization. It also marked a step towards the European Union's goal of creating a unified economic and political entity across the continent.