1940: A Year of Global Turbulence and Transformation
The year 1940 stands out as a pivotal period in world history, primarily due to the significant events during World War II, as well as important political and social developments across the globe.
World War II and Geopolitical Changes
In 1940, the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union was in effect, leading to major territorial changes in Europe. The Soviet Union annexed the Baltic states, including Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, as well as parts of Finland and Romania.
The Battle of France (May 10 – June 25, 1940) marked a critical moment in the war. Often referred to as the Western Campaign by the German forces, it resulted in the rapid fall of France and the establishment of the Vichy regime under Philippe Pétain.
The United States Presidential Election
Domestically, the United States witnessed the 1940 presidential election on November 5. Franklin D. Roosevelt sought an unprecedented third term, running against Republican challenger Wendell Willkie. Roosevelt's victory was significant as it broke the two-term tradition set by George Washington.
Cultural and Social Developments
In sports, the "Curse of 1940," also known as Dutton's Curse, plagued the New York Rangers in the National Hockey League, explaining their prolonged championship drought.
The year also bore witness to the cancellation of the 1940 Winter Olympics, originally scheduled to take place in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany from February 2 to 11. Originally allocated to Sapporo, Japan, the games were canceled due to the ongoing war.
Innovations and Changes in Daily Life
In New York, the opening day at the Jamaica Race Course introduced the use of paramutuel betting equipment, marking a shift from traditional bookmaking methods. This change reflected broader societal transformations and technological advancements of the era.
Additionally, the calendar year of 1940 brought unique characteristics in the Gregorian calendar. Interestingly, the specific arrangement of holidays and dates will not recur until the year 5280.