Vatican City
Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State (Italian: Stato della Città del Vaticano; Latin: Status Civitatis Vaticanae), is a unique sovereign city-state and the spiritual and administrative center of the Roman Catholic Church. It is an enclave located entirely within the city of Rome, Italy, making it the smallest independent state in the world by both area and population.
History
The establishment of Vatican City as an independent state is relatively recent, dating back to 1929 with the signing of the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy. This treaty recognized Vatican City as a new entity, distinct from the Papal States, which had previously encompassed a significant portion of central Italy before their annexation into the Kingdom of Italy in 1870.
Governance
Vatican City is governed by the Holy See, which represents the central authority of the Catholic Church. The Pope, as the Bishop of Rome, serves as the head of state. Vatican City's legal system is based on canon law, and its executive, legislative, and judicial branches are distinct from those of the Italian government.
Geography
Situated in the heart of Rome, Vatican City covers approximately 44 hectares (110 acres). It is an urban enclave, meaning it is completely surrounded by a single city, which is quite rare for a sovereign state. The geography of Vatican City includes some of the world's most significant religious and cultural sites, such as St. Peter's Basilica and the Sistine Chapel.
Demographics
Vatican City has a very small population, with only around 800 residents, most of whom are clergy or members of religious orders. Additionally, many Vatican citizens reside abroad as diplomats representing the Holy See in various international capacities.
Culture and Architecture
As a center for the Catholic Church, Vatican City is home to a wealth of religious art and architecture. The Vatican Museums house an extensive collection of artwork amassed by the Catholic Church over centuries. The city's iconic architecture includes St. Peter's Square and the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope.
Security and Defense
Vatican City does not have a military force; however, it relies on the Swiss Guard, a small but highly trained unit responsible for the pope's personal safety and security within the city-state. The Corps of Gendarmerie handles law enforcement and public order.
Economy
The economy of Vatican City is unique and primarily supported by contributions from Catholics worldwide, known as Peter's Pence, as well as the sale of postage stamps, tourist mementos, and museum admission fees. Additionally, it benefits from investments and real estate holdings.