Thomas Hobbes and Leviathan
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was a prominent English philosopher known for his contributions to political philosophy, particularly through his work Leviathan. His ideas laid the groundwork for the development of modern political theory and the concept of the social contract.
Life and Background
Born in Westport, Wiltshire, Hobbes was the son of a clergyman. He received his education at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, where he studied classics and scholastic philosophy. His early exposure to the intellectual currents of the time shaped his later work. During his career, Hobbes was associated with several influential figures, including the playwright Ben Jonson and the philosopher René Descartes.
Philosophical Contributions
Hobbes is best known for his philosophy regarding the structure of society and government. His most significant work, Leviathan, published in 1651, presents a foundation for understanding the relationship between individuals and the state. Here, Hobbes argues for a social contract and an absolute sovereign as necessary components to prevent the chaos of the state of nature.
Natural and Legal Rights
Central to Hobbes's philosophy is his discussion of natural rights and legal rights. He believed that in the state of nature, individuals possess natural rights that they relinquish to a sovereign in exchange for security and order. This idea influenced later philosophers like John Locke and shaped modern notions of governance and rights.
The Leviathan
Leviathan is arguably Hobbes's most famous work. Subtitled "The Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil," it outlines his vision of a political system that ensures peace and prevents civil war. Hobbes uses the metaphor of the Leviathan, a biblical sea monster, to represent the powerful state required to maintain societal order.
Hobbes argues that to escape the brutish state of nature, individuals collectively agree to submit to the authority of a sovereign. This sovereign, or 'Leviathan,' wields absolute power to ensure peace and safety, which Hobbes considers preferable to the anarchy of the natural state. This theory of governance was revolutionary and formed the basis for later discussions on legal positivism.
Influence and Legacy
Hobbes's influence is vast, impacting various fields beyond philosophy, including jurisprudence and international relations. His ideas continue to resonate in contemporary discussions on government authority and individual rights. His notions of the social contract directly influenced the development of modern democracy, making his work essential for understanding the philosophical underpinnings of current political systems.