Swiss Confederation
The Swiss Confederation represents both a modern and historical form of governance in Switzerland. Officially referred to as the Swiss Confederation, Switzerland is a landlocked country located at the intersection of Central, Western, and Southern Europe. Known for its rich history, Switzerland's development as a federal republic dates back to 1848, making it one of the world's oldest surviving republics.
Historical Development
The roots of the Swiss Confederation can be traced back to the Old Swiss Confederacy, a loose confederation of autonomous small states called cantons. Originating in the Late Middle Ages, the Old Swiss Confederacy gained independence from the House of Habsburg and the Duchy of Burgundy. Its influence extended through the Italian Wars, where territories were acquired south of the Alps from the Duchy of Milan.
Switzerland's early inhabitants, the Helvetii, were under Roman rule from the 1st century BC. The Swiss Reformation later brought internal strife, dividing the Confederacy into the Thirteen Cantons during the Early Modern period.
Napoleonic Influence and Restoration
During the Napoleonic era, the Act of Mediation in 1803 restored Switzerland's status as a confederation. Following the Congress of Vienna, Switzerland was represented by a delegation of three conservative politicians, solidifying its neutrality. This neutrality has been a defining characteristic of Switzerland ever since.
Federal Constitution and Modern Era
Switzerland's current federal structure was born out of a period of turmoil, including a brief civil war in 1847. The creation of the Swiss Federal Constitution in 1848 marked the transformation of the Swiss Confederation into a federal republic, a model of governance it continues to this day. The Federal Council, comprising seven members, serves as the collective head of state and government.
Since then, Switzerland has enjoyed a history marked by success and prosperity. The nation's neutral position during global conflicts and its strategic location in Europe have contributed to its stability and economic growth.
Political Structure
The President of the Swiss Confederation, often referred to colloquially as the President of Switzerland, plays a key role in the federal government. The presidency rotates among the members of the Federal Council each year, highlighting the unique political culture of shared power and collaboration.