Spinal Cord
Spinal Cord
The spinal cord is a crucial part of the central nervous system (CNS) that acts as a conduit for signals between the brain and the rest of the body. It is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, extending from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column.
Anatomy and Function
The spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae and enveloped by three layers of membranes known as the meninges. It is divided into different segments corresponding to the vertebrae: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral. Each segment gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves that branch out to innervate various parts of the body. The primary functions of the spinal cord include:
- Transmission of neural signals between the brain and peripheral body parts.
- Reflex actions through reflex arcs.
- Coordination of motor commands and sensory input.
Spinal Cord Disorders
Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal cord injury (SCI) refers to damage to the spinal cord that results in a loss of function, such as mobility or sensation. Causes include trauma from accidents, falls, or violence. SCI is categorized by the level and completeness of the injury, which can range from complete (total loss of function below the injury) to incomplete (partial loss of function).
Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome
Tethered spinal cord syndrome (TCS) is a neurological disorder caused by tissue attachments that limit the movement of the spinal cord within the spinal column. These attachments cause abnormal stretching of the spinal cord, leading to nerve damage and pain. TCS is often associated with conditions like spina bifida and diastematomyelia.
Spinal Cord Compression
Spinal cord compression occurs when something, such as a tumor or bone fragment, presses on the spinal cord. This compression can lead to myelopathy and is often caused by conditions such as spinal stenosis, herniated discs, and traumatic injuries.
Spinal Tumor
Spinal tumors are abnormal growths of tissue found within or around the spinal cord. These tumors can be benign or malignant and can arise from the spinal cord itself, the meninges, or metastasize from other parts of the body. Symptoms typically include pain, neurological deficits, and sometimes paralysis.
Spinal Cord Stroke
Spinal cord stroke is a rare type of stroke that involves compromised blood flow to the spinal cord, leading to tissue damage. This can be caused by occlusion or bleeding and often results in sudden and severe neurological deficits.
Cauda Equina Syndrome
Cauda equina syndrome (CES) occurs when the bundle of nerves at the lower end of the spinal cord, known as the cauda equina, is damaged. This syndrome is a medical emergency and can lead to severe pain, weakness, and loss of bowel or bladder control. Common causes include herniated discs, tumors, and spinal stenosis.