Six Sigma
Six Sigma is a comprehensive set of techniques and tools for process improvement, initially formulated by American engineer Bill Smith at Motorola. The methodology seeks to improve the quality of the output of a process by identifying and removing the causes of defects and minimizing variability in manufacturing and business processes. The Six Sigma doctrine asserts that any process can be measured, analyzed, improved, and controlled.
Principles and Methodology
Six Sigma uses a set of quality management methods, primarily empirical, statistical methods, and creates a special infrastructure of people within the organization who are experts in these methods (referred to as "Green Belts", "Black Belts", etc.). A key component of Six Sigma is the DMAIC process, which stands for Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control. This process is used for improving existing business processes. For designing new products or processes, the DMADV process (Define, Measure, Analyze, Design, Verify) is applied, which is also known as Design for Six Sigma (DFSS).
Evolution and Integration
The Six Sigma methodology has been uniquely integrated with Lean Manufacturing, leading to the amalgamation known as Lean Six Sigma. This hybrid methodology aims for the elimination of waste and defects, thereby maximizing efficiency and effectiveness in business operations. Lean focuses primarily on process flow and waste issues, while Six Sigma emphasizes variation reduction and process design.
Certification and Training
There are several organizations that provide Six Sigma certification, including the American Society for Quality (ASQ) and the Chartered Quality Institute (CQI). Certification levels often follow a belt structure—Green Belts, Black Belts, and Master Black Belts—which reflects increasing levels of expertise.
Applications
Six Sigma is applied in various industries including manufacturing, healthcare, and finance. It aims to bring about a cultural change within an organization, encouraging a focus on quality and efficiency. The methodology has been credited with significant improvements in cost reduction, quality improvement, and customer satisfaction.