Senate
Senates Across History and Nations
A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The term originates from the ancient Roman Senate, one of the earliest examples of a senate in history. Over time, the concept has been adopted and adapted by various countries and political systems around the world.
Roman Senate
The Roman Senate was one of the most enduring institutions in Roman history. It began as the Senate of the Roman Kingdom and evolved through the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. It was initially an advisory body to the Roman kings, but it gained significant power during the Republic, becoming the primary governing body. During the Empire, its power was diminished but it retained some influence, especially during times of political transition.
Functions and Roles
The Senate's roles included advising magistrates, passing decrees, and controlling finances. Senators were usually chosen from among the aristocracy, and membership was for life, barring expulsion for misconduct.
United States Senate
The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government. It shares legislative responsibilities with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber of Congress.
Composition and Elections
The Senate is composed of 100 members, two from each of the 50 states. Senators serve six-year terms, with elections staggered so that approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election every two years. Notable upcoming elections include the 2024 United States Senate elections and future elections planned for 2026 and 2028.
Leadership and Committees
The Senate is led by the Vice President of the United States, who serves as the President of the Senate but votes only to break ties. The Senate also elects a President pro tempore, typically the most senior member of the majority party. The Senate functions through a complex system of committees, including the influential Senate Judiciary Committee and the Senate Armed Services Committee.
Senates in Other Nations
Senate of Canada
The Senate of Canada is the upper house of the Parliament of Canada. Together with the Crown and the House of Commons, the Senate examines and passes legislation. Senators are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister and serve until the age of 75.
Senate of France
The Senate of France, known as the Sénat, is the upper house of the French Parliament. It represents territorial collectivities of the Republic and is tasked with legislative review and oversight, mirroring the function of the lower house, the National Assembly.
Senate of Kenya
The Senate of Kenya is one of the two houses of the Parliament of Kenya, the other being the National Assembly. Reestablished in 2010, it represents the counties and serves to protect their interests.