The Sanchi Stupa
The Sanchi Stupa is a monumental testament to the rich historical and architectural heritage of India. Located in the town of Sanchi, in the Raisen District of Madhya Pradesh, this complex is renowned for the Great Stupa, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the oldest stone structures in India.
Historical Background
Commissioned by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE, the Sanchi Stupa was constructed as a simple hemispherical brick structure. It was built to enshrine the relics of the Buddha and to promote the spread of Buddhism. Ashoka's wife, Devi, who was born in nearby Vidisha, is said to have played a significant role in the selection of Sanchi as the site for this monumental project.
Architectural Features
The Great Stupa
The nucleus of the Great Stupa was a simple brick structure, crowned by a chatra, a parasol-like structure symbolizing high rank intended to honor and shelter the relics. This initial structure was later enhanced with layers of stone, giving it a more enduring form. The Stupa is enveloped by a circular terrace meant for circumambulation, a ritualistic practice in Buddhism.
The Toranas
In the 1st century BCE, the Great Stupa underwent significant enhancements. Four elaborately carved toranas, or ornamental gateways, were added. These gateways are intricately carved with scenes depicting the Jataka tales, which narrate the previous lives of the Buddha. The toranas are also adorned with intricate carvings that illustrate significant events from the Buddha's life and from the history of Buddhism.
The Stupa Complex
The Sanchi Stupa is part of a larger Buddhist complex that includes several other stupas, temples, and pillars. Notably, Stupa No. 2 at Sanchi is among the oldest existing Buddhist stupas in India. This stupa, along with others in the complex, showcases the evolution of Indian stupa architecture over centuries.
The Pillars
One of the most remarkable features within the complex is the Ashoka Pillar, which is renowned for its exquisite polish and the Dharmachakra or 'Wheel of Law' symbolizing the teachings of the Buddha.
Artistic Significance
The Sanchi Stupa complex is a pivotal example of early Indian art and architecture. Its sculptures and carvings are reflective of the artistic techniques of the Mauryan period and subsequent periods, providing insight into the cultural and religious zeitgeist of ancient India.