Lisbon Treaty 2009

The Lisbon Treaty of 2009, also known initially as the Reform Treaty, marks a pivotal moment in the history of the European Union. Its primary aim was to streamline the functioning of the European Union (EU) and enhance its efficiency and democratic legitimacy following the EU's enlargement.

Background and Signing

The Treaty of Lisbon was signed in Lisbon, Portugal on December 13, 2007, by the EU member states. Its formulation was a response to the difficulties encountered with the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, which failed to be ratified by all member states. The signing took place under the Portuguese Presidency of the European Union.

Key Provisions

The treaty introduced several significant changes to the EU's governance:

• Creation of High Representative: It established the role of the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy to strengthen the EU's external action.

• Permanent President of the European Council: The treaty created the position of a permanent President of the European Council, enhancing continuity in leadership.

• Legal Personality for the EU: It granted the EU its own legal personality, enabling it to sign international treaties.

• Enhanced Role for National Parliaments: National parliaments gained more influence and oversight over EU legislation, fostering democratic accountability.

• Charter of Fundamental Rights: The treaty gave legal force to the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.

Ratification Process

The ratification of the treaty was completed by all EU member states on November 13, 2009, when the Czech Republic became the last member to ratify it. The process required referenda in certain countries, most notably in Ireland. The Irish Treaty of Lisbon referendum initially resulted in rejection, necessitating a second referendum, which was held on October 2, 2009, and resulted in approval.

Implementation and Impact

The Lisbon Treaty came into force on December 1, 2009, marking a new era for the EU. It introduced the Qualified Majority Voting system in the Council of the European Union and expanded the powers of the European Parliament, making it a co-legislator with the Council. The treaty's measures aimed at making the EU more dynamic and responsive to global challenges.

Related Topics

• History of the European Union (2004-present)
• Enlargement of the European Union
• Timeline of European Union History
• European Coal and Steel Community
• Member States of the European Union

History of the European Union

The history of the European Union (EU) is a tale of transformation from a war-torn continent to a unified political and economic powerhouse. This historical journey is characterized by a series of treaties, enlargements, and institutional reforms that have shaped the modern EU. Below is a detailed account of the key milestones in the development of the EU.

Origins and Early Developments

The roots of the European Union can be traced back to the aftermath of World War II, a period marked by a strong resolve to prevent future conflicts in Europe. Visionary leaders like Robert Schuman, Jean Monnet, and Konrad Adenauer advocated for economic cooperation as a means to secure lasting peace on the continent.

European Coal and Steel Community (1951)

The first step towards European integration was the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951. This initiative, led by the Schuman Declaration, aimed to regulate the coal and steel industries of six founding countries: Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, and West Germany.

Treaties of Rome (1957)

In 1957, the Treaties of Rome established the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). These treaties laid the foundations for a common market and set the stage for future economic integration.

Institutional and Economic Integration

Formation and Expansion (1958-1993)

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the EEC focused on deepening economic ties among member states. The Single European Act, signed in 1986, was a pivotal moment that paved the way for a single market by 1992, allowing for the free movement of goods, services, people, and capital.

The Maastricht Treaty, signed in 1992, established the European Union, introducing new areas of cooperation and laying the groundwork for economic and monetary union.

The Euro and Enlargement

The introduction of the euro in 1999 was a landmark achievement, symbolizing economic unity among participating member states. The EU also underwent several rounds of enlargement, welcoming countries from Southern, Northern, and Eastern Europe, including the historic 2004 enlargement, which saw 10 new countries join the Union.

Modern Developments and Challenges

Lisbon Treaty (2009)

In response to the EU's growing complexity, the Lisbon Treaty was enacted in 2009. It aimed to enhance the efficiency and decision-making capabilities of the EU by reforming its institutions.

Recent Developments (2010-Present)

In recent years, the EU has faced numerous challenges, such as the financial crisis, the migrant crisis, and the Brexit of the United Kingdom. These events have tested the resilience of the Union but have also led to reforms aimed at strengthening the EU's governance and unity.

Related Topics

• History of Europe
• European Parliament
• European Economic Area
• European Central Bank

The history of the European Union is one of cooperation, conflict resolution, and expansion. Understanding this journey provides crucial insights into the political and economic dynamics of contemporary Europe.