French National Guard
The French National Guard is a military reserve force in France, known for its dual role as both a military and police reserve. It has a rich history, having been initially founded during the French Revolution. The modern incarnation was reconstituted in 2016 in response to security threats, particularly a series of terrorist attacks.
Historical Background
The origins of the National Guard trace back to the revolutionary period of the late 18th century. It was established by the National Assembly on 11 July 1789, a time marked by political turmoil and societal upheaval. This decision came shortly after the dismissal of Jacques Necker, a popular finance minister, which led to widespread unrest and fear of a royal coup. The Guard was initially seen as a "bourgeois guard" (garde bourgeoise), serving to protect the interests of the middle class in Paris.
From 1792 to 1795, the National Guard was perceived as a revolutionary force, with its lower ranks often identified with the sans-culottes, a radical left-wing part of the revolutionaries. The Guard served as an independent body from the regular French Army, participating in both policing and military defense.
Dissolution and Reconstitution
The original National Guard was dissolved in 1872 following the Franco-Prussian War and the tumultuous events of the Paris Commune. For over a century, it remained dormant, until its reestablishment in October 2016. This reconstitution was part of a broader effort to enhance national security and reinforce elements of the National Gendarmerie and National Police.
The revitalized Guard is tasked with securing major events and areas across France, providing support during emergencies, and maintaining public order. It operates under the Ministry of the Armed Forces and is regarded as the fifth service branch within the French Armed Forces.
Modern Role and Structure
In its current form, the French National Guard includes a combination of professional soldiers from the Armed Forces, the Republican Guard, and volunteer reservists. It serves as a critical component in France's national defense strategy, adept in responding to security challenges both domestically and internationally.
The Guard is comprised of military units and police elements, providing flexible responses to diverse threats, from terrorism to natural disasters. As a reserve force, it is pivotal in ensuring that France maintains robust and ready security capabilities without the need for a large standing army.