Birmingham
Birmingham, located in the West Midlands of England, is recognized as the second-largest city in the United Kingdom. With a population of approximately 1.2 million in the city proper as of 2024, it stands as the largest local authority district in England by population. The city's greater urban area and metropolitan region host populations of 2.7 million and 4.3 million, respectively. Birmingham is a pivotal social, cultural, financial, and commercial hub for the Midlands.
Geography
Birmingham is distinctively the most inland major city in the UK, bordered by the Black Country, and is proximate to the traditional geographic center of England at Meriden. The city is situated north of the Cotswolds and east of the Shropshire Hills. Unlike many major cities, it is not serviced by large rivers, but rather smaller ones such as the River Tame, and its tributaries, the River Rea and River Cole. The nearest major river, the Severn, lies about 20 miles west of the city center. Birmingham's extensive canal network, known as the Birmingham Canal Navigations, played a crucial role in its industrial growth.
History
Originally a market town in Warwickshire during medieval times, Birmingham's transformation began in the 18th century amid the Midlands Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution. This period saw groundbreaking advances in science, technology, and economics, contributing significantly to the formation of modern industrial society. Notably, the city was involved in pivotal technological exchanges, such as through the Tizard Mission during World War II, transferring innovations like the jet engine designed by Frank Whittle to the United States.
The mid-20th century redevelopment included the construction of significant infrastructure like Castle Vale, the reconstruction of the Bull Ring and redevelopment of New Street Station. Post-World War II saw significant demographic changes with waves of immigration from the Commonwealth of Nations and beyond.
Economy and Culture
Birmingham's economy is predominantly service-oriented, accounting for 88% of employment as of 2012. In 2023, the median salary for full-time employees was £34,037, with an unemployment rate of 7.7%. It is a leading center for employment in public administration, education, and health, and is second only to Leeds outside London for financial and business services employment. The metropolitan economy, with a GDP of $121.1 billion in 2014, is the second-largest in the UK. Major companies headquartered here include IMI plc, Mobico Group, Patisserie Valerie, Claire's, and Mitchells & Butlers.
Culturally, Birmingham is enriched with venues like the International Convention Centre, the National Exhibition Centre, and the Symphony Hall. Its significance in the conference and exhibition sector is underscored by its contribution to 42% of the UK's trade in this domain. The city's Library of Birmingham, the largest public library in Europe, further highlights its cultural prominence.
Attractions
Birmingham's cultural tapestry is further woven with institutions like the Birmingham Museums Trust, which manages sites such as Aston Hall and Blakesley Hall. Cadbury World offers insights into chocolate production and the history of the Cadbury company. The Birmingham Back to Backs represent the last surviving court of back-to-back houses, illustrating the city's architectural heritage.