Types of Vaults in Architecture

Vaults are an essential architectural element with a variety of forms, each serving distinct structural and aesthetic purposes. This article delves into the myriad types of vaults found in architecture, exploring their unique properties and applications.

Barrel Vault

A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault or wagon vault, is formed by the extrusion of a single curve along a given distance. This type of vault looks like a continuous series of arches and is known for its simplicity and strength. The architectural design allows for covering long spaces and has been extensively used in Romanesque architecture.

Groin Vault

The groin vault is created by intersecting two barrel vaults at right angles. The term "groin" refers to the edge between the intersecting vaults. Groin vaults provide a more complex structure than barrel vaults, allowing for the support of a ceiling with few columns, which enhances the openness of a space. They were frequently used in the construction of Gothic cathedrals and Romanesque churches.

Rib Vault

Rib vaults are characterized by the use of ribbed arches inside the vault, which provide additional structural support. The ribs can conceal the junction of the vaults and distribute weight more efficiently, allowing builders to create more elaborate and decorative forms. The rib vault was a significant innovation in Gothic architecture, enabling the construction of soaring interiors.

Fan Vault

A fan vault is a type of vault composed of concave sections with ribs that spread out in a fan-like pattern. This style is unique to English Gothic architecture and exemplifies the intricacy and decorative possibilities of ribbed vaults. Fan vaults are particularly found in Gothic cathedrals.

Annular Vault

An annular vault springs from two concentric walls, creating a ring-like structure. Such vaults are often used in circular buildings and can be found in historical structures such as amphitheaters and atriums.

Corbelled Vault

The corbelled vault, also known as a false vault, is not a true vault. It is constructed by stacking layers of stone with each layer extending slightly beyond the previous one until the arch meets at the top. This method was used in prehistoric structures and is seen in many ancient monuments.

Diamond Vault

Diamond vaults are unique creations of Medieval architecture, distinguished by their polygonal shapes and intricate designs. They are among the most original types of vaults, yet remain relatively lesser-known outside architectural circles.

Cloister Vault

The cloister vault, also known as a domical vault, features a dome-like structure that transitions smoothly into the supporting walls. This vault is often confused with domes, but its defining feature is the vault's intersection with the walls at a lower elevation.

Related Topics

• Gothic architecture
• Romanesque architecture
• Gothic cathedrals
• Medieval architecture
• Amphitheaters

Architectural Vaults

Architectural vaults are essential structural elements in construction, often utilized for their aesthetic appeal and functional benefits. A vault is an arched form used to provide a space with a ceiling or roof. The evolution of vaults has significantly influenced architectural styles across different cultures and eras.

Historical Background

Vaulting techniques date back to ancient civilizations such as the Romans, who are credited with the development of the groin vault. This was achieved by intersecting barrel vaults, allowing for the efficient distribution of structural loads and enabling the covering of larger spaces. The use of vaults expanded during the Gothic period, with more complex forms like the rib and fan vaults being developed to enhance both structural stability and decorative appeal.

Types of Vaults

Barrel Vault

A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault, consists of a continuous curved surface, formed by the extrusion of a single arch along a given distance. It is the simplest form of vault, commonly used by the Romans in structures like the basilicas.

Groin Vault

The groin vault is created by the perpendicular intersection of two barrel vaults. This technique allows the vault's load to be concentrated at the four corners, necessitating less massive supporting walls and enabling the creation of large, open interior spaces.

Rib Vault

Rib vaults became prominent in Gothic architecture, characterized by the inclusion of ribs or framework of arches under the intersections of the vault sections. This not only provided structural strength but also allowed for the vault surfaces to be thinner and lighter.

Fan Vault

A fan vault is distinguished by its unique fan-shaped arrangement of ribs, primarily found in English Gothic architecture. This type of vault creates the appearance of a radiating fan from a central point, enhancing both the aesthetic and structural function.

Muqarnas

The Muqarnas vault is a hallmark of Islamic architecture, forming a cellular structure often resembling a honeycomb. This decorative element not only embellishes the space it adorns but also aids in the transition between geometrically different architectural elements.

Notable Examples

• The Pantheon in Rome is famed for its large domed roof, an exemplary use of the barrel vault.
• The Abbey Church of Saint-Denis is often noted for its pioneering use of rib vaults, marking significant progress in Gothic architectural design.
• The Baths of Diocletian in Rome utilized barrel vaults to span large spaces in the tepidaria, illustrating the Roman mastery of vault construction.

Related Topics

• Roman Architecture
• Gothic Architecture
• Islamic Architecture
• Structural Engineering
• History of Architecture

The evolution and diversity of architectural vaults reflect humanity's ingenuity in creating structures that are not only functional but also artistically significant. From ancient Roman engineering to the intricate designs of Gothic cathedrals and Islamic mosques, vaults have played a crucial role in shaping architectural history.