Accession of Turkey to the European Union
The accession of Turkey to the European Union (EU) has been a long-standing and complex process that illustrates the intricate relationship between the two entities. This process highlights not only the economic and political dynamics at play but also the cultural and diplomatic challenges inherent in such negotiations.
Historical Background
Turkey's journey towards EU membership officially began with its application to join the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1987. However, it was not until the signing of a Customs Union agreement in 1995 that Turkey solidified its economic ties with the EU. This agreement facilitated the movement of goods without tariffs between Turkey and EU member states, thus bolstering Turkey's economic integration with Europe.
In December 1999, during the Helsinki summit, Turkey was officially recognized as a candidate for full membership, marking a significant moment in Turkey–EU relations. On October 3, 2005, formal negotiations for Turkey's accession to the EU were launched, setting the stage for a detailed and lengthy process of aligning Turkey's economic, political, and legal structures with EU standards.
Negotiation Process
The accession process involves negotiating 35 chapters that cover various aspects of EU legislation. As of May 2016, only 16 chapters had been opened, and only one chapter was provisionally closed. The slow progress was attributed to various concerns, including human rights issues, rule of law, and freedom of expression within Turkey.
One pivotal moment in the negotiation process was the refugee deal agreed upon in early 2016. In this arrangement, Turkey agreed to help manage the flow of migrants and refugees into Europe, in exchange for accelerated EU membership talks and visa-free travel for Turkish citizens within the EU. However, the continuation of the negotiations was strained by subsequent political developments.
Challenges and Stagnation
Negotiations have faced significant challenges, particularly concerning the EU's criticism of Turkey's human rights record and democratic practices. In February 2019, a European Parliament committee voted to suspend accession talks with Turkey, citing concerns over the country's political direction under the government of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. This decision effectively stalled the accession process, halting further discussions on opening or closing negotiation chapters or modernizing the EU-Turkey Customs Union.
Current Status
As of now, Turkey's accession negotiations are at a standstill, with no foreseeable progress in the near future. The complex geopolitical landscape, combined with internal and external political pressures, continues to shape the future of Turkey's relationship with the EU.