Wincobank Hill Fort
Wincobank Hill Fort is an Iron Age fortification located near Wincobank, in Sheffield, England. The fort represents a significant archaeological site, shedding light on the early history and defensive practices of the region.
Geography and Structure
The hill fort is positioned on an isolated sandstone hill, forming the northern side of the river valley of the River Don. The site itself is an oval-shaped earthwork that spans approximately 1 hectare (2.5 acres). It is characterized by its steep slopes, providing a natural defensive advantage.
Historical Context
Wincobank Hill Fort is believed to have been constructed by the Brigantes, a prominent Celtic tribe in northern England during the Iron Age. The Brigantes were known for their fortified hill-top settlements, and Wincobank is considered part of a defensive network that included other hill forts at Carl Wark and Scholes Coppice. An ancient dyke known as Roman Rig extends from the fort northeast to Mexborough, further indicating a strategic defense system.
Etymology
The name "Wincobank" was first recorded in 1442 as "Wincowe." It is believed to derive from "Wineca," an Anglo-Saxon personal name, and "haugr," an Old Norse word meaning mound or hill. Thus, Wincobank translates to "Wineca’s hill."
Archaeological Significance
Excavations and studies at Wincobank Hill Fort have revealed its role in the regional defense against the Romans. In the 1st century AD, the Brigantes constructed fortifications to halt the northward expansion of the Roman Empire. The defensive line, including Wincobank, played a crucial part in these efforts.
During the Second World War, the fort's strategic location was recognized once again. An anti-aircraft gun and searchlight emplacement were constructed adjacent to the south-west corner of the fort to defend Sheffield from aerial attacks.