Western Sahara Region
The region of Western Sahara is a complex and geopolitically significant area located in North-Western Africa. It is bordered by Morocco, Algeria, Mauritania, and the Atlantic Ocean. Encompassing approximately 272,000 square kilometers, this territory is recognized by the United Nations as a non-self-governing region, with its political status remaining a contentious issue.
Historical Background
Formerly known as the Spanish Sahara, Western Sahara was a Spanish colony until 1975. The withdrawal of Spain led to a conflict over control of the region, primarily involving the Polisario Front, which advocated for Sahrawi self-determination, and Morocco, which claimed sovereignty over the territory.
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) was proclaimed by the Polisario Front in 1976 as the legitimate government of Western Sahara. Despite limited international recognition, the SADR operates a government-in-exile from Tindouf, Algeria, where many Sahrawi refugees reside.
Moroccan Western Sahara Conflict
The Moroccan Western Sahara conflict is rooted in the differing claims to the region. Following Spain’s departure, Morocco annexed two-thirds of the territory, leading to the Western Sahara War, which lasted from 1975 until a ceasefire in 1991. The region is largely divided by the Moroccan Western Sahara Wall, a sand barrier constructed by Morocco to control territory and prevent Polisario incursions.
Current Status and Autonomy Proposals
Political solutions have remained elusive, with the SADR pushing for a referendum on independence and Morocco proposing autonomy under Moroccan sovereignty. The Western Sahara Autonomy Proposal suggested by Morocco in 2007 was intended to offer a degree of self-governance while maintaining Moroccan sovereignty, yet it has not been accepted by the Polisario Front.
Demographics and Culture
The population of Western Sahara is primarily composed of Sahrawis, a Berber-Arab group with a distinct cultural identity. The territory is characterized by its desert landscape, which profoundly influences the lifestyle and culture of its inhabitants.
International Relations and Recognition
The international community is divided on the issue of Western Sahara’s sovereignty. Some countries recognize the SADR, while others support Morocco’s territorial claims. Organizations like the African Union have been involved in seeking a peaceful resolution to the conflict.