Twelver Shia Islam

Twelver Shi'ism (Arabic: اِثْنَا عَشَرِيَّة, romanized: Ithnā ʿAshariyya) is the largest branch of Shia Islam, comprising about 85% of all Shia Muslims. This denomination is centered around the belief in a line of twelve divinely ordained leaders known as the Twelve Imams, who are considered the rightful successors to the Prophet Muhammad.

Beliefs

At the core of Twelver Shia theology is the belief in the guidance of the Twelve Imams. These figures are considered both spiritual and political leaders, serving as the divinely appointed successors of Muhammad. The first of the Imams is Ali ibn Abi Talib, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, followed by his descendants. The twelfth and final Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, is believed to be in occultation and will reappear as the Mahdi, a messianic figure who will establish justice.

Twelvers emphasize the concept of Imamate heavily, differentiating themselves from other sects like Sunni Islam, and other Shia sects such as Ismailis.

History and Development

The origins of Twelver Shi'ism trace back to the early Islamic period, particularly arising from the split that followed the death of Muhammad. This split resulted from a fundamental disagreement over his succession. The Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam marked a significant development, as Twelver Shi'ism became the state religion under the Safavid dynasty.

Prominent figures in the development of Twelver thought include theologians like al-Shaykh al-Mufid and Sharif al-Murtada, whose works greatly influenced later Twelver scholarship.

Practices and Rituals

Twelver Shia Muslims observe religious practices that emphasize mourning and remembrance, particularly the martyrdom of the third Imam, Husayn ibn Ali, at the Battle of Karbala, which is commemorated annually during the observance of Ashura. This tragedy is central to Twelver spirituality and identity.

Geographical Distribution

Twelver Shi'ism is predominantly practiced in Iran, which acts as a cultural and religious hub. Significant Twelver populations also exist in Iraq, where cities like Najaf and Karbala are important religious centers. Additionally, communities can be found in Lebanon, Bahrain, and parts of Pakistan and India.

Criticism and Controversy