Summa Theologica
The Summa Theologica, also known as the Summa Theologiae, is a seminal work by the medieval Catholic theologian and philosopher Thomas Aquinas. Written between 1265 and 1274, the Summa is widely regarded as one of the most comprehensive and influential theological treatises of the Catholic Church. It aims to provide a complete summary of Christian theology and is primarily intended for the education of theology students, including seminarians and the literate laity.
Structure and Content
The Summa Theologica is structured into three main parts, each dealing with different aspects of theology. These parts are further subdivided into questions and articles, which address particular theological issues in a concise manner. The work covers a broad range of topics, from the existence of God to human nature, ethics, and the sacraments.
I. The First Part (Prima Pars)
The first part of the Summa deals with the nature of God, the creation of the world, angels, and human beings. It begins with Aquinas's famous Five Ways — five arguments for the existence of God, including the argument from a "first mover" and the argument from universal causation.
II. The Second Part (Secunda Pars)
This part is divided into two sections, the first (Prima Secundae) focuses on general principles of morality, including the nature of human acts and the concept of virtue. The second section (Secunda Secundae) provides a detailed examination of specific virtues and vices, including justice, fortitude, and the seven deadly sins.
III. The Third Part (Tertia Pars)
The third part addresses the person and work of Jesus Christ, the sacraments, and the purpose of the sacraments. Notably, this part remains unfinished due to Aquinas's death. Nonetheless, it remains a critical component of the Summa's exploration of theology.
Influence and Legacy
The Summa Theologica is not only a cornerstone of Thomism but also a critical reference in the study of natural law, ethics, and moral theology. Aquinas's discussions on the principle of double effect, for example, have been foundational in ethical discourse, especially concerning topics like self-defense and war.
Aquinas draws heavily on earlier philosophical traditions, integrating the works of Aristotle, Augustine of Hippo, and others. His synthesis of reason and faith has provided a framework for subsequent theological inquiry and continues to be studied to this day within Catholic educational institutions.