State Religion
A state religion, also referred to as an official religion, is a religious creed that is formally endorsed by a sovereign state. This endorsement often manifests through advantageous treatment and government-sanctioned establishments designed to promote the religion among citizens. The involvement of the state can range from incentivization to direct public spending on religious institutions, including the maintenance of religious properties and the clergy. However, having a state religion does not necessarily mean that the state is under the legislative control of religious authorities, as seen in a theocracy.
Historical Context
Throughout human history, official religions have been a feature in almost all types of cultures, dating back to the Ancient Near East and even prehistory. The concept of intertwining religious practices with state governance was discussed by the ancient Latin scholar Marcus Terentius Varro under the term theologia civilis, which translates to "civil theology."
Examples of State Religions
Islam
In the Middle East, many states with predominantly Muslim populations have designated Islam as their official religion. The degree of religious influence on citizens' daily lives varies significantly from country to country. For instance, in Saudi Arabia, the rulers exert religious power, whereas in Iran, secular presidents are expected to align with decisions made by religious authorities since the 1979 Islamic Revolution.
Christianity
Historically, Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire following the Council of Nicea. This state-sponsored church is referred to by various terms, including the catholic church. In France, Catholicism was the major religion during the reign of the French monarchy, holding the role of state religion for over a millennium.
Modern Context
In contemporary times, some countries continue to designate an official religion while allowing the practice of other religions. For example, in Bangladesh, Islam is declared the state religion, although former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina affirmed that the country would be governed by secular laws.
In Malaysia, Article 3 of the Constitution states that Islam is the official religion, but other religions may be practiced freely by non-Malay citizens.
Related Topics
Understanding the concept of a state religion offers insights into how religion and governance have coexisted through different periods and in diverse cultures around the world.