The Shaker Religious Movement
The Shaker religious movement, known formally as the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, emerged in the 18th century as a significant religious sect in the United States. It is characterized by its communal lifestyle, pacifism, and innovative contributions to agriculture, architecture, and craftsmanship. The Shakers are renowned for their celibate and communal lifestyle, with a strong emphasis on gender equality and pacifism.
Origins and Development
The Shaker movement originated from the Wardley Society in the northwest of England. In 1747, James and Jane Wardley led a group that broke away from the Quakers to form their own religious community. This breakaway occurred during a period when Quakers were stepping away from ecstatic expressions of spirituality. The Shakers' notable leader, Ann Lee, emigrated to the United States in 1774 and played a crucial role in establishing the movement in America.
Beliefs and Practices
Shakers are known for their unique worship practices, which include lively, ecstatic dances, and songs—practices that often drew criticism and misunderstanding from outsiders. Their name, "Shakers," is derived from the shaking and quaking movements observed during their worship services. The Shakers believed in the duality of God, represented by both male and female elements, which was reflected in their leadership structure that included both men and women.
Societal Impact and Legacy
At their peak during the 18th and 19th centuries, particularly during the fervor of the Great Awakenings, the Shakers established more than twenty communal settlements across the United States. These communities were known for their orderly and productive agricultural practices, as well as their distinctive, efficient architectural style which has influenced American design. The Hancock Shaker Village and the Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village are well-preserved examples of these communities.
The Shaker artistic legacy includes spirit drawings, dances, and songs, which form important genres of folk art. The modern dance pioneer Doris Humphrey was inspired by Shaker practices, as seen in her work "Dance of The Chosen," which depicted Shaker religious fervor.
Current Status
Today, the Shaker movement has dwindled significantly, with only a few active members remaining. Despite this, their contributions to American culture and religious history continue to be studied and appreciated.