The Seven Sages of Greece
The Seven Sages of Greece were a group of preeminent thinkers and statesmen from ancient Greece who were renowned for their wisdom and contributions to early Greek thought and politics. These sages are often considered the forerunners of Greek philosophy and were said to have authored various maxims and principles that informed Greek culture and governance.
The Original List of Sages
The most commonly accepted list of the Seven Sages includes:
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Thales of Miletus (c. 624 BCE – c. 546 BCE) - Often considered the first philosopher in the Greek tradition, Thales is credited with developing the concept of natural philosophy and the belief that water is the essential substance of the universe.
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Solon of Athens (c. 638 BCE – c. 558 BCE) - A legendary Athenian lawmaker, Solon enacted profound legal reforms that laid the foundation for the Athenian democracy.
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Chilon of Sparta (fl. 6th century BCE) - Known for his political service in Sparta, Chilon's wisdom was often encapsulated in concise maxims and practical advice for governance.
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Bias of Priene (fl. 6th century BCE) - Celebrated for his integrity and justice, Bias was a statesman whose sagacity was reflected in his sayings on equity and fairness.
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Pittacus of Mytilene (c. 640–568 BCE) - As a ruler of Mytilene, Pittacus implemented innovative legal reforms and was recognized for his prudent leadership.
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Cleobulus of Lindos (fl. 6th century BCE) - Considered a poet and philosopher, Cleobulus is remembered for his aphorisms and leadership in Lindos.
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Periander of Corinth (c. 627–585 BCE) - As the tyrant of Corinth, Periander is often credited with enhancing his city's prosperity and fostering a cultural renaissance.
Alternative Lists and Disputes
Though the aforementioned list is the most prevalent, alternate lists of sages have been proposed throughout history. Diogenes Laërtius, an ancient biographer, mentioned figures like Myson of Chenae and Anacharsis as potential contenders. Additionally, in his work, Plato sometimes included Myson instead of Periander as part of the Seven Sages.
Cultural Significance
The Seven Sages were not only revered for their wisdom but also for their practical contributions to political and social life in ancient Greece. They were often associated with the legendary Delphic Maxims, which were aphoristic guidelines for ethical living, allegedly inscribed at the temple of Apollo at Delphi.