Prehistoric Europe
Prehistoric Europe describes the period of time before the advent of written records on the European continent. This lengthy epoch is marked by significant cultural and technological developments that laid the groundwork for future civilizations. The prehistoric period is traditionally divided into the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age.
The Paleolithic Era
The Paleolithic Era, or Old Stone Age, represents the dawn of human habitation in Europe. This period is characterized by the use of simple stone tools and the establishment of the earliest known human settlements. Key sites include the Boxgrove site in England and Gough's Cave, which provide evidence of early human activity and tool use.
The Mesolithic Period
As the Ice Age ended, the Mesolithic Period emerged, marked by a transition from nomadic lifestyles to more settled communities. This era saw the development of microlithic tools and increased reliance on fishing and foraging. The Lepenski Vir, located in modern-day Serbia, showcases an early sedentary community.
The Neolithic Revolution
The Neolithic Revolution brought profound changes as people began practicing agriculture and domesticating animals. This transition, which began around 7000-6500 BCE, introduced new ways of living and tool manufacturing. The arrival of the Early European Farmers, who migrated from the Near East, played a critical role in this transformation. Notable cultural developments occurred across regions like Neolithic Greece, where farming communities thrived.
The Bronze Age
During the Bronze Age, societies across Europe began to harness metallurgy, producing bronze artifacts that revolutionized tools and weaponry. The period saw the emergence of complex societies and trade networks, exemplified by the Atlantic Bronze Age culture, which spanned the western coasts of Europe. Bronze Age Europe included varied regional cultures, such as the Nordic Bronze Age in Scandinavia and Bronze Age Britain.
The Iron Age
The Iron Age marked the final chapter of prehistoric Europe, distinguished by the extensive use of iron for tools and weaponry. This era saw the rise of Celtic cultures and significant social changes that paved the way for historical European societies. The Iron Age also featured the development of complex chiefdoms and regional powers, influenced by interactions with Mediterranean civilizations.
Related Topics
- Prehistory of Southeast Europe
- Prehistoric Britain
- Prehistoric Ireland
- Old Europe (archaeology)
- Prehistoric Italy
- Prehistoric Cyprus
These periods collectively illustrate the evolution of human societies in Europe, setting the stage for the rich tapestry of Europe's historical eras.