Politics of Vatican City
The politics of Vatican City occur within the framework of a theocratic absolute elective monarchy, uniquely characterized by its religious governance and the central role of the Pope. Vatican City is not just the spiritual heart of the Catholic Church but also the world's smallest independent state, both in area and population.
Governance Framework
Vatican City is governed by the Holy See, which represents the jurisdictional and sovereign entity under the authority of the Pope. This positions the Pope as not only the religious leader of over a billion Catholics worldwide but also the supreme ruler of Vatican City. The governance of Vatican City is essentially non-hereditary, distinguishing it from traditional monarchies.
The Holy See
The Holy See functions as the central governing body of the Catholic Church. It derives its legitimacy and sovereign status from its historical and spiritual roles. As the Bishop of Rome, the Pope exercises supreme legislative, executive, and judicial powers over Vatican City. The Holy See's distinct international legal personality enables it to engage in diplomatic relations, and it currently maintains formal ties with 179 countries.
The Lateran Treaties
In 1929, the Lateran Treaties were signed between the Holy See and the state of Italy, establishing Vatican City as an independent city-state. These treaties granted Vatican City its sovereignty and defined its territorial boundaries within Rome, making it an enclave within the city.
Vatican City State Structure
The governance of Vatican City is managed by various administrative bodies under the Pope's direct authority. The Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State acts as the legislative body, while the Governorate of Vatican City State handles administrative functions.
Legal System
The legal framework of Vatican City is primarily based on canon law, which is the law of the Catholic Church. Vatican law encompasses various forms, with canon law being the most significant. The Pope's extensive powers include the ability to enact laws, oversee judicial proceedings, and manage the city's administration.
International Relations
As the seat of the Holy See, Vatican City plays a unique role in international affairs despite its small size. It hosts diplomatic missions from numerous countries and is an observer state in international organizations such as the United Nations. The Vatican often engages in diplomacy focused on peace and humanitarian issues.
Unique Characteristics
Vatican City's political and geographical uniqueness is underscored by its status as an urban, landlocked enclave within Italy. It covers an area of approximately 49 hectares and is home to a small population, including clergy, residents, and citizens living abroad as Vatican diplomats.
Demographics
The population includes both clergy and laypeople who work within the city-state. As of 2024, Vatican City had an estimated resident population of 882, with a significant number of Vatican citizens living abroad, primarily in diplomatic service.