New Zealand
New Zealand (Māori: Aotearoa) is a sovereign island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It is composed of two main landmasses, the North Island (Te Ika-a-Māui) and the South Island (Te Waipounamu), along with over 700 smaller islands. Positioned about 2000 kilometers southeast of Australia, across the Tasman Sea, New Zealand is part of the geographical region known as Australasia.
History of New Zealand
The human history of New Zealand began between 1320 and 1350 CE with the arrival of the Māori, the indigenous Polynesian people. The islands were later discovered by Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1642, and subsequently visited by British explorer James Cook in 1769. The country became a British colony in 1841 and gained full independence in 1947, although it remains a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Government and Politics
New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy. The Head of State is the King of New Zealand, represented by the Governor-General. The Prime Minister of New Zealand, currently Christopher Luxon, is the head of government. The political system is based on the Westminster system, and elections are held every three years.
Economy
New Zealand has a highly developed free-market economy. Its nominal GDP was approximately US$248 billion as of 2025. The country is known for its advanced agricultural sector, substantial contributions to forestry and fishing, and significant tourism industry. New Zealand is often recognized for its innovation, with a strong emphasis on technology and sustainability.
Geography and Biodiversity
New Zealand's diverse geography includes sweeping landscapes of mountains, hills, lakes, and coastal areas. It is known for unique wildlife, including the kiwi bird, the emblematic national bird. The country's varied climates range from subtropical in the north to temperate in the south. Due to its isolation, New Zealand has a rich biodiversity with many species of flora and fauna found nowhere else on Earth.
Culture
The culture of New Zealand is a vibrant mix of Māori, European, Pacific Islander, and Asian influences. The country is renowned for its contributions to the arts, literature, and film, highlighted by internationally acclaimed filmmakers like Sir Peter Jackson. The native Māori culture plays a significant role, with the Māori language and customs integrated into public life.
Demographics
The population of New Zealand, known as New Zealanders or colloquially as Kiwis, is approximately 5.3 million people. The country is characterized by its multicultural society, with significant ethnic diversity, featuring communities of Māori, European, Asian, and Pacific Islander descent.