Lewis Binford: Pioneering Processual Archaeology
Early Life and Education
Lewis Roberts Binford, born on November 21, 1931, in Norfolk, Virginia, emerged as a transformative figure in the field of archaeology. His early interests were not initially aligned with archaeology; instead, Binford was drawn to wildlife biology. He pursued this interest academically at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute, where his curiosity about the natural world was fostered. However, an offhand remark by a professor about the limited scope of studying "blind cave salamanders" led him to seek out a discipline with broader implications.
Contributions to Archaeology
Binford is best known for his foundational role in the development of processual archaeology, also famously dubbed the "New Archaeology." This paradigm began in the 1960s and sought to make archaeology more scientific and anthropological by applying rigorous scientific methods and systems theory to the study of past human societies. He challenged the then-prevailing cultural-history approach, which he saw as descriptive rather than explanatory.
Processual Archaeology
The processual approach posited that past human behavior could be understood through the study of material remains, placed within an environmental, economic, and social context. This was a shift from focusing solely on typologies and sequences of artifacts. Binford advocated for the idea that cultural systems were adaptive and could be understood in terms of their functions and relationships with the environment.
Ethnoarchaeology
In addition to processual archaeology, Binford was a pioneer in ethnoarchaeology, a method that involves studying contemporary cultures to understand how their material culture is used and, by extension, how ancient peoples may have used their artifacts.
Controversies and Influences
Binford's ideas were not without controversy. His assertive style and radical ideas often put him at odds with the archaeological establishment. Many in the field considered his approach too rigid and deterministic. Despite this, his influence on archaeological theory is undeniable, as his work led to significant debates and advancements in the field during the late 20th century.
Personal Life
Lewis Binford was married to Sally Binford, who was herself an influential archaeologist and feminist. Together, they contributed to a new understanding of prehistoric societies and were instrumental in shaping the discourse around archaeological practices of their time.
Legacy
Binford's lasting legacy is seen in the continued evolution of processual archaeology and its role in shaping modern archaeological thought. His contributions laid the groundwork for subsequent theoretical developments, including post-processual archaeology, which emerged as a critique and supplement to his ideas.