Lebanon Cedar
The Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani), also referred to as the cedar of Lebanon or Lebanese cedar, is a species of large evergreen conifer in the genus Cedrus, belonging to the pine family. It is native to the mountains of the Eastern Mediterranean basin and is notably found in the Lebanon mountain range, where it was first described by French botanist Achille Richard.
Characteristics
The Lebanon cedar is known for its longevity, impressive height, and durable wood. Capable of reaching up to 40 meters (130 feet) in height, the tree features a massive monopodial columnar trunk that can grow up to 2.5 meters (8 feet 2 inches) in diameter. The tree produces cones beginning at around the age of 20 to 40. Its male cones appear in early September, while female cones follow in late September. The male cones are solitary and erect, measuring about 4 to 5 cm (1.6 to 2.0 inches) long.
Historical and Cultural Significance
The Lebanon cedar has held profound significance for millennia, appearing in ancient Mesopotamian and Israelite literature, notably the Hebrew Bible. According to biblical accounts, the timber was used in the construction of the Jerusalem Temple by Solomon, who received the trees from Hiram of Tyre. The tree is the national emblem of Lebanon, prominently featured on its national flag as a symbol of resilience and perseverance.
Ecology
The Lebanon cedar thrives in the mountainous regions, particularly in the Kadisha Valley of Bsharre, Lebanon, home to the forest known as the Cedars of God. It is adapted to alpine climates and has played a crucial role in the local ecosystem, supporting various forms of wildlife and stabilizing the soil in the mountainous terrain.
Uses
The wood of the Lebanon cedar has been used historically in building construction, cabinetry, and as interior lining for boxes and chests. It is also valued for its aromatic properties. Despite not being commonly available in North America, storm-damaged or ornamental trees are sometimes harvested for smaller craft and turning blanks.
Varieties
Two to three distinct types of Lebanon cedar are accepted as varieties. The C. libani var. libani grows in Lebanon, western Syria, and south-central Turkey. The C. libani var. stenocoma, once considered a subspecies, is now regarded as a variety or ecotype of C. libani var. libani.
Allergies and Toxicity
While severe reactions are uncommon, contact with cedar of Lebanon can cause skin and respiratory irritation, as well as symptoms akin to asthma. Precautions should be taken when handling the wood to avoid these potential health issues.
Modern Significance
Today, the Lebanon cedar is widely used as an ornamental tree in parks and gardens across the world, including places like London's Highgate Cemetery and Blenheim Palace. It has gained recognition from the Royal Horticultural Society with the Award of Garden Merit. In the United States, the tree is part of the Champion Tree program, which records exceptional specimens, such as the one located in Hot Springs National Park in Arkansas.