Society of Jesus
The Society of Jesus, commonly known as the Jesuits, is a religious order of the Catholic Church founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1540. The order is formally known in Latin as Societas Iesu and its members are often referred to simply as Jesuits. Jesuits are known for their work in education, intellectual research, and cultural pursuits, as well as missionary work and direct ministry.
History
The Jesuit order was established in the backdrop of the Catholic Reformation, aiming to counteract the effects of the Protestant Reformation. Ignatius of Loyola and his companions took vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, including a special vow of obedience to the Pope, signifying their commitment to the papacy.
Suppression and Restoration
In the 18th century, political pressures led to the suppression of the Society of Jesus in many parts of Europe. The order was banned by Pope Clement XIV in 1773 under pressure from various European monarchs. However, the order was restored by Pope Pius VII in 1814.
Structure and Governance
The Superior General of the Society of Jesus is the leader of the order, often referred to as the "Black Pope" due to the black cassock worn by Jesuits. The Jesuit governance is based on the notion of a centralized authority with its General Curia located in Rome.
Education and Influence
The Jesuits have founded numerous educational institutions around the world, including prominent universities and colleges. This is reflected in the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities, which consists of 28 Jesuit colleges and universities in the United States. They are also known for establishing secondary schools and seminaries worldwide.
Jesuit Educational Institutions
Some well-known Jesuit educational institutions include Georgetown University, Boston College, and the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome. Jesuit schools emphasize a rigorous education combined with a commitment to social justice and service.
Cultural Impact
Jesuit contributions to culture and science have been extensive. The order played a key role in the development of Jesuit drama and theater as educational tools. In the realm of science, Jesuits have contributed to fields such as astronomy and mathematics, with members like Christopher Clavius contributing to the Gregorian calendar.
Church Architecture
Jesuit architecture is notable for its Baroque style, with iconic churches like the Church of the Gesù, the mother church of the Society, influencing church designs worldwide. Other notable examples include the Basilica of Bom Jesus in Goa and the Church of the Society of Jesus in Cusco, Peru.
Notable Jesuits
Pope Francis, elected in 2013, became the first Jesuit pope, reflecting the order's influence on contemporary Catholicism. Other notable Jesuits include Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, a philosopher and paleontologist, and Matteo Ricci, who made significant contributions to cultural exchanges between Europe and China.