God in Islam
God in Islam, referred to as Allah (Arabic: الله), is the central and most fundamental concept within Islamic theology. Allah is perceived as the singular, all-powerful, and all-knowing deity who is the creator and sustainer of the universe. The name "Allah" is derived from a contraction of the Arabic al-'Ilāh, meaning "the God," or Rabb, which translates as "lord."
Islamic Monotheism and Tawhid
At the heart of Islamic belief is Tawhid, the concept of the oneness and uniqueness of God. This principle underscores the strict monotheism of Islam, distinguishing it from other religious traditions. Tawhid asserts that Allah is unique and without equal, reinforcing the belief that only God possesses the divine attributes of omnipotence, omniscience, and omnipresence.
Attributes and Names of God
In Islam, God is described through 99 names, known as the Asmaul Husna or "The Beautiful Names." Each name reflects a different attribute of God's nature, such as Al-Rahman (The Merciful), Al-Malik (The King), and Al-Aziz (The Mighty). Islamic theology holds that God's essence is beyond human comprehension, and these names serve as human attempts to understand the divine qualities.
Transcendence and Immanence
Islamic doctrine emphasizes both the transcendence (tanzih) and immanence (anthropomorphism) of God. The notion of tanzih asserts God's complete separation and difference from His creation, refuting any form of anthropomorphism or corporealism (tashbih). Despite this transcendence, God is also considered immanent, being closer to humans than their own jugular vein, as stated in the Quran.
God in the Quran
The Quran, the holy book of Islam, provides extensive discourse on the nature of God. It presents Allah as the ultimate authority and source of all wisdom and guidance. The Quran stresses the importance of worshipping Allah alone, prohibiting the association of any partners or equals with Him, a principle known as shirk, which is considered an unforgivable sin if not repented.
Prophets and Messengers
God's communication with humanity in Islam is facilitated through a series of prophets and messengers, including figures such as Moses and Muhammad. These individuals are regarded as conduits for God's message, tasked with guiding humans towards monotheism and moral righteousness.
Predestination and Divine Will
The concept of divine predestination, or qadar, is a significant aspect of Islamic belief. It posits that Allah, in His omniscience, has preordained all that occurs in the universe. This belief underscores God's sovereignty and the notion that human free will operates within the framework of divine will.
Relationship with Other Abrahamic Religions
Islam shares Abrahamic roots with Judaism and Christianity, and acknowledges a common belief in the singularity of God. However, Islam's interpretation of God's nature and attributes is distinct, particularly its rejection of the Christian concept of the Trinity and the divinity of Jesus.