Epicureanism
Epicureanism is a philosophical system founded by the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus in 307 BCE. It is an important school of thought in the tradition of Hellenistic philosophy. The philosophy centers around the idea that the purpose of life is to attain happiness and tranquility through the pursuit of modest pleasures, the cultivation of friendships, and the liberation from fears and anxieties, especially the fear of the gods and death.
Key Principles of Epicureanism
Atomism and Materialism
At the heart of Epicurean metaphysics is atomism, a theory Epicurus inherited from earlier philosophers such as Democritus. According to this view, everything in the universe is composed of small, indivisible particles called atoms. Epicurus believed that understanding the materialistic nature of the universe could free people from superstition and fear of the unknown, thereby contributing to human happiness.
Hedonism
Epicurus advocated for a form of ethical hedonism, positing that pleasure is the highest good. However, he differentiated between types of pleasures, emphasizing the importance of mental over physical pleasures. For Epicurus, the absence of pain (ataraxia) and a state of tranquility and freedom from fear were the ultimate forms of pleasure.
Eudaimonia
Epicureanism is aligned with the concept of eudaimonia, often translated as 'happiness' or 'flourishing'. Epicurus taught that true happiness can be achieved by living a life of moderation, wisdom, and virtue, which involves the avoidance of pain and the pursuit of natural and necessary desires.
The Gods and the Problem of Evil
Epicurus postulated a unique approach to the gods, suggesting that while they exist, they are indifferent to human affairs. This view is encapsulated in the famous Epicurean paradox, which questions the existence of an omnipotent and benevolent god in a world filled with evil. This paradox is considered a significant early contribution to the problem of evil in theology.
Influence and Legacy
Epicureanism became a significant philosophical movement in the ancient world, attracting followers such as Lucretius and influencing Roman poets like Virgil. It gradually declined with the rise of Stoicism and Christianity, but it experienced revivals during the Renaissance and the Enlightenment.
The principles of Epicureanism have continued to influence modern thought, particularly in the realms of science and secular humanism, due to its emphasis on materialism and rationalism.