The English Restoration
The English Restoration refers to the period in English history commencing in 1660 when the monarchy was restored under Charles II of England. This era marked the end of the republican Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell and his son, Richard Cromwell. The Restoration period extended into the late 17th century, concluding with the accession of William III of England and Mary II of England in 1689, an event known as the Glorious Revolution.
Historical Context
The restoration of the monarchy followed a tumultuous period of civil war, political upheaval, and religious conflict, known as the English Civil War, which culminated in the execution of Charles I of England in 1649. The Commonwealth period that followed was characterized by Puritan domination and the strict, authoritarian rule of Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector.
Charles II of England
Charles II was proclaimed king in 1660 and returned from exile in the Netherlands. His reign is notable for the re-establishment of the monarchy and the Church of England, and for the vibrant cultural revival known as the Restoration period. Charles II's court was infamous for its opulence and indulgence, contrasting sharply with the austere Puritan regime that preceded it.
Restoration Culture
The Restoration period was a time of significant cultural development. It saw the rise of Restoration comedy, known for its wit, cynicism, and exploration of sexual politics. Theaters reopened after being closed during the Puritan regime, and playwrights like William Congreve and Aphra Behn flourished.
Restoration literature expanded beyond comedy, as it was the era when Paradise Lost by John Milton was published. The period is also linked to the works of John Dryden, a key figure in English literature known for his plays, poems, and literary criticism.
Political and Religious Changes
The Restoration was not only a cultural restoration but also a political and religious one. The monarchy attempted to restore stability to the kingdom after years of republican rule. The Clarendon Code was enacted to strengthen the position of the Anglican Church, although it led to further religious dissent and the persecution of nonconformists.
The Restoration period also included significant events such as the Great Fire of London in 1666, which led to the rebuilding of much of the city, including the construction of St. Paul's Cathedral designed by Sir Christopher Wren.
Restoration and Foreign Policy
In terms of foreign policy, Charles II managed complex relationships with Europe, oscillating between alliances with France and the Dutch Republic. The Restoration period also witnessed colonial expansion and conflict, notably affecting the English colonies in North America.