Dark Enlightenment
The Dark Enlightenment, also known as the Neo-Reactionary Movement (NRx), is an intellectual and political movement that stands in opposition to the principles established during the Age of Enlightenment. Emerging in the late 2000s, it is characterized by its anti-democratic and anti-egalitarian beliefs, advocating for a return to traditional forms of governance and societal structures.
Origins and Key Figures
The foundation of the Dark Enlightenment is largely attributed to the writings of Curtis Yarvin, who also goes by the pseudonym Mencius Moldbug. Yarvin's ideas were further developed by philosopher Nick Land, who is credited with coining the term "Dark Enlightenment." Their work critiques modern liberal democracy and promotes a form of governance that resembles absolute monarchy or cameralism.
Venture capitalist Peter Thiel has been associated with the movement, although his exact role and endorsement levels are subject to debate. Another notable figure, Balaji Srinivasan, has discussed related ideas, highlighting connections between certain Silicon Valley tech leaders and the movement.
Philosophical Underpinnings
The Dark Enlightenment is grounded in a reactionary philosophy that critiques egalitarianism and democracy. It posits that such systems are inherently flawed and unsustainable. Instead, proponents advocate for hierarchical societal structures and governance by a select, capable few. This movement often intersects with ideas from other controversial ideologies, including alt-right and neofascism.
Land's interpretation of the Dark Enlightenment emphasizes capitalist monarchism, where corporate power could become a central organizing force in society. This idea resonates with his beliefs in accelerationism, which involves embracing and accelerating the transformative power of capitalism as a means to bring about radical societal change.
Connections to Other Movements
The Dark Enlightenment shares intellectual terrain with several other contemporary and historical movements. It draws on the work of thinkers like Friedrich Nietzsche and is often linked to the Nouvelle Droite and the Cybernetic Culture Research Unit. The movement's critique of democracy and egalitarianism aligns with some elements of the Alt-right and has found expression in discussions around digital governance and the future of technology-driven societies.
Controversies and Criticisms
Critics of the Dark Enlightenment, including historians such as Angela Dimitrakaki and Harry Weeks, argue that while Land and others may distance themselves from fascism, the supremacist theories underlying some of their arguments resemble those of historical fascist movements. The movement's potential alignment with neofascism, especially through its capitalistic eschatology, remains a topic of intense debate and scrutiny.