Blood Glucose Level

Blood glucose level, also known as blood sugar concentration or glycemia, is the measure of glucose concentration in the blood. Maintaining appropriate blood glucose levels is vital for overall health, as glucose is the primary source of energy for the body's cells.

Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels

The body tightly regulates blood glucose levels through a balance of hormones, primarily insulin and glucagon.

Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells in the pancreas. It facilitates the uptake of glucose into cells, thereby lowering blood glucose levels.
Glucagon is produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas. It stimulates the release of glucose stored in the liver as glycogen, increasing blood glucose levels.

Blood Glucose Monitoring

Monitoring blood glucose levels is particularly important for people with diabetes mellitus, a group of diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia.

Glucose meter: A device used to measure the concentration of glucose in the blood at a single point in time.
Continuous glucose monitor: A device that provides real-time readings of blood glucose levels throughout the day and night.

Normal and Abnormal Blood Glucose Levels

Blood glucose levels fluctuate throughout the day, typically rising after meals and falling during fasting periods.

Fasting blood glucose: Normal levels are typically between 70-100 mg/dL (3.9-5.6 mmol/L).
Postprandial blood glucose: Normal levels are typically less than 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) two hours after eating.

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, occurs when blood glucose levels rise above the normal range. Chronic hyperglycemia is a hallmark of diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes: An autoimmune condition where the body's immune system attacks the insulin-producing beta cells.
Type 2 diabetes: Characterized by insulin resistance and a relative lack of insulin.
Gestational diabetes: High blood sugar that develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after childbirth.

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, occurs when blood glucose levels fall below the normal range, typically below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L).

Diabetic hypoglycemia: Often caused by an overdose of insulin or other diabetes medications.
Reactive hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar that occurs within a few hours after eating.
Neonatal hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar in newborns, which can be a serious condition requiring immediate treatment.

Methods of Testing Blood Glucose

Several methods exist for testing blood glucose levels, each serving different purposes.

Fasting blood glucose test: Measures blood sugar after an overnight fast.
Glucose tolerance test: Measures the body's response to sugar; commonly used to diagnose diabetes.
Random glucose test: Measures blood sugar at any time of the day without fasting.

Implications and Management

Maintaining blood glucose levels within a target range is crucial for preventing complications associated with diabetes, such as cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, and retinopathy.

Management strategies include:

Diet and nutrition: Consuming a balanced diet with appropriate portions of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
Physical activity: Regular exercise helps improve insulin sensitivity.
Medication: Including insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents.