The Cosmology of the Bible
Biblical cosmology represents the biblical writers' conception of the cosmos as an organized, structured entity, encompassing its origin, order, meaning, and destiny. It reflects the views and beliefs from the time of ancient Israel and Judah, which are collectively known as the Ancient Near Eastern cosmology. This cosmology deeply influences the religious, philosophical, and cultural ideas found in the Hebrew Bible and other related Jewish texts.
Structure of the Universe
The biblical cosmos is often depicted as a three-tiered structure: the heavens above, the earth in the middle, and the waters below. Central to this cosmology is the concept of the firmament, a celestial barrier that separates the heavenly waters from the earth. This structure is highlighted in the Genesis creation narrative, where God creates the firmament to divide the waters and assigns it as the sky.
The Heavens
In biblical cosmology, the heavens are seen as the abode of God and the angels. The heavens are not only a physical domain but also a spiritual realm, emphasizing the divine nature of the universe. The Bible often describes multiple layers or levels of heaven, reflecting a complex understanding of the celestial order.
Earth and Seas
The earth is depicted as a flat, disc-shaped entity, a view common in ancient cosmologies. It is surrounded by and founded upon the waters below, with the sea being a symbol of chaos and disorder. The subjugation of the sea is a recurring theme, as seen in the Exodus narrative and the story of Jonah.
The Underworld
Beneath the earth lies the underworld, known as Sheol, a shadowy place where the dead reside. Sheol is a critical component of biblical cosmology, illustrating ancient beliefs about death and the afterlife.
Cosmological Themes
Biblical cosmology is not merely a backdrop for the events of the Bible; it plays a pivotal role in its theological and moral teachings. The creation narrative underscores God's sovereignty and the ordered nature of His creation. The concept of the Antediluvian world, the period before the flood, emphasizes themes of divine judgment and renewal.
Influence on Other Cosmologies
Biblical cosmology has influenced other systems of thought, including Quranic cosmology and Mormon cosmology. While sharing certain elements, these cosmologies also integrate unique interpretations and beliefs, reflecting the diverse ways religious traditions conceptualize the universe.