Belarus
Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country located in Eastern Europe. It shares its borders with Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Belarus spans an area of 207,600 square kilometers (80,200 sq mi) and has a population of approximately 9.1 million people.
History
The lands of modern-day Belarus have a rich history that dates back to their incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania around the year 1300. This period lasted for about 500 years, during which the territory was part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The partitions of Poland-Lithuania between 1792 and 1795 resulted in Belarus being absorbed into the Russian Empire.
Following the Russian Revolution in 1917, various states vied for control amid the Civil War. This chaotic period culminated in the rise of the Byelorussian SSR, which became a founding member of the Soviet Union in 1922. However, the Polish-Soviet War from 1918 to 1921 led to Belarus losing almost half of its territory to Poland.
Politics and Government
Since gaining independence in 1991 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Belarus has been a republic. The country's political scene has been dominated by Alexander Lukashenko, who has served as President since 1994. His administration is noted for maintaining state ownership of key industries, a policy his supporters argue has shielded Belarus from economic turmoil experienced by other post-Soviet states. However, his leadership has also been marked by accusations of authoritarianism and human rights violations.
Human rights in Belarus have been a contentious issue, with various international organizations criticizing the government for undermining democratic processes and institutions.
Armed Forces
The Armed Forces of Belarus comprise the Ground Forces and the Air Force and Air Defence Forces. These military entities are responsible for the defense of the country and maintaining national security.
Demographics
The demographics of Belarus reflect a diverse population with varying ethnicities. The country's population density, growth, and ethnic composition are significant aspects of its demographic profile.
Education
The education system in Belarus is overseen by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus. Each region within Belarus has regulatory oversight over its educational institutions, ensuring that educational standards meet national requirements.
International Relations
Belarus has complex international relations, notably with its neighboring countries and significant global powers such as the United States. Belarus–United States relations commenced in 1991 but have been fraught with diplomatic challenges.
Belarus–Poland relations have also been complex. Recent years have seen tensions due to the influx of refugees attempting to cross from Belarus into Poland, leading to military standoffs along the border.
Capital
Minsk serves as the capital of Belarus. Located on the Svislach and the now subterranean Nyamiha rivers, Minsk holds a special administrative status and is the country's cultural and economic hub.