Béla IV of Hungary
Béla IV of Hungary (1206 – 3 May 1270) was a significant figure in Hungarian history, serving as King of Hungary and Croatia from 1235 until his death in 1270. He was the eldest son of Andrew II of Hungary and Gertrude of Merania, and a member of the House of Árpád, which was a ruling dynasty in Hungary.
Early Life and Ascension
Béla's ascent to the throne was marked by his efforts to restore the royal authority that had weakened during his father's reign. He initially served as Duke of Transylvania, where he began asserting his influence. In 1235, following the death of Andrew II, Béla became the king. His accession to the throne was characterized by efforts to reclaim lands that had been distributed to the nobility by his predecessor, thereby strengthening the monarchy.
Mongol Invasion
One of the most defining moments of Béla IV's reign was the Mongol invasion of Hungary in 1241. The invasion culminated in the catastrophic Battle of Mohi on 11 April 1241, where Béla's forces suffered a devastating defeat. The aftermath of the invasion saw Béla fleeing to Austria, and later seeking refuge in Dalmatia.
After the withdrawal of the Mongols, Béla embarked on an extensive rebuilding campaign, earning him the epithet "Second Founder of the Hungarian State." His efforts included the construction of fortresses and the invitation of settlers to repopulate the devastated regions.
Marriage and Offspring
Béla IV married Maria Laskarina, a princess of the Byzantine Empire, strengthening Hungary's ties with the eastern Roman Empire. This union produced several children, including notable figures like Stephen V of Hungary, who succeeded him, and Margaret of Hungary (saint), who became a revered Dominican nun and was canonized for her piety.
Later Years and Death
Béla IV continued to face challenges both from external threats and internal dissent. He successfully defended Hungary against another Mongol invasion attempt and managed to reclaim the territory of Styria, although this was later lost.
Béla IV passed away on 3 May 1270 on Rabbits' Island, which is today known as Margaret Island in Budapest. His legacy was a revitalized kingdom that was better fortified and more stable than it had been in decades.