Audio Descriptions
Audio descriptions, sometimes known as video description, described video, or visual description, are a form of narration used primarily to provide information about key visual elements of a media work, such as a film, television program, or theatrical performance, for the benefit of blind and visually impaired audiences. This verbal depiction is crucial in making visual media accessible to those who cannot see the images, ensuring they receive the same information as sighted viewers.
Purpose and Functionality
Audio description serves as a bridge for individuals with visual impairments, translating the visual data into aural form. This narration describes key visual components—such as actions, settings, gestures, and other significant visual details—that are essential for understanding the content. This enables a more inclusive experience where visually impaired individuals can grasp the full context and enjoy media content on an equal footing with sighted individuals.
Audio descriptions are typically inserted during natural pauses in dialogue or significant sound effects, ensuring they do not interfere with other audio elements of the program. These descriptions can be pre-recorded for media like films and TV shows or delivered live when used in settings such as theaters or museums.
Historical Development
The concept of audio description has been evolving since the mid-1980s. A pivotal moment in its history was the development of the Descriptive Video Service (DVS) by WGBH-TV in Boston, Massachusetts. WGBH, a PBS member station, pioneered the use of multichannel television sound (MTS) technology, which allowed for a third audio channel known as the Secondary Audio Program (SAP). This innovation was initially inspired by the work of Margaret Pfanstiehl, who experimented with television description as part of her Washington Ear radio reading service.
Margaret Pfanstiehl's work paved the way for television audio description, offering narrated descriptions of key visual elements in programming. The DVS has become a major producer of audio descriptions in the United States, further expanding the reach and accessibility of media content to visually impaired audiences.
Current Applications
Today, audio descriptions are widely used in various media formats and live events. In addition to being a staple in film and television, they are used in museums and art exhibitions, where audio-described tours cater to visitors with visual impairments. In more inclusive approaches, some tours are universally designed, incorporating both narration for the visually impaired and other augmentative tools that enhance understanding for all visitors.
Furthermore, with the proliferation of streaming services and digital platforms, audio descriptions are becoming more readily available. Services like Netflix and Amazon Prime Video offer a selection of content with audio descriptions, reflecting a growing commitment to accessibility.
Related Topics
Audio descriptions continue to be an essential tool in democratizing media consumption, ensuring that all individuals, regardless of their visual abilities, can access and enjoy the rich tapestry of audiovisual content available today.