Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. It covers about 30.3 million square kilometers (11.7 million square miles), which includes its adjacent islands, accounting for 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surface area. With nearly 1.4 billion people as of 2021, Africa constitutes approximately 18% of the world's human population.
Geography and Regions
Africa is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Suez Canal and the Red Sea to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes a diverse range of climates and ecosystems, from arid deserts such as the Sahara Desert to lush rainforests in Central Africa.
Africa is divided into various regions, each with its own geographical characteristics:
- North Africa: Known for its Arab and Berber cultures, this region includes countries like Egypt, Libya, and Morocco.
- West Africa: This region is characterized by its vibrant cultures and histories, encompassing nations like Nigeria and Ghana.
- East Africa: Home to the Great Rift Valley and famous wildlife reserves, it includes countries like Kenya and Tanzania.
- Central Africa: Known for its biodiversity, including the Congo Basin, this area includes countries such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
- Southern Africa: Featuring countries like South Africa and Namibia, this region is renowned for its rich natural resources.
Demographics and Culture
Africa is the youngest continent in terms of median age, which was 19.7 in 2012, compared to the worldwide median age of 30.4. The diversity of ethnic groups, languages, and cultures is one of Africa's defining features. Over 2,000 languages are spoken across the continent, with Swahili, Hausa, Yoruba, and Amharic being some of the most widely spoken.
Economy
Despite being rich in natural resources, Africa is the least wealthy inhabited continent on a per capita basis and the second-least wealthy by total wealth, ahead of Oceania. Factors contributing to this include geography, climate, corruption, colonialism, the Cold War, and neocolonialism.
However, recent economic expansion and a large, youthful population position Africa as an emerging market of global significance. Countries such as Nigeria and South Africa are leading in economic development, fostering growth in sectors like telecommunications, banking, and agriculture.
Environmental and Societal Challenges
Africa faces numerous environmental challenges including desertification, deforestation, and the impacts of climate change. These issues threaten ecosystems and biodiversity, necessitating sustainable development strategies.
Socially, Africa struggles with challenges such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure development, which must be addressed to improve the quality of life for its population.